INTRODUCTION TO SYNTAX

Syntax is the study of words organization into phrases, phrases into clauses and clauses into sentences. There are some points learned in syntax:
A. Linear order, hierarchical and ambiguity
Linear order is the most obvious principle of sentence organization. It determines if a sentence grammatical or not and what the sentence means. (e.g. Tono visited Tini or Tini visited Tono or Tono Tini visited) each sentences has different meaning and not all of them are grammatically right.
Hierarchical structure is the words organization into larger groupings that has semantic comprehension to make relationships between constituents in forming constituent structure of the sentence. (e.g. some students go to an interesting place)
Some students go to and go to an interesting place don’t have clear meanings.
Ambiguity is the sentence that has two or more distinction meaning. E.g. Angel likes juice orange and apple can mean Angel like juice orange and juice apple or Angel like juice orange and apple.
B. Lexical categories is words grouping into a relatively small number of word classes based on their morphological and syntactic properties. 
Verbs; (a) their members cause tense distinction, such as present and past (feel-felt; go-went). (b) showing a contrast in number and person (she writes, they write). (c) the suffix –ing within verb shows progressive (she is sleeping, they have been reading). (d) they combine with auxiliary verbs such will, may, must (e.g. will come, must be, may go). verbs can occur in the beginning in order or request (e.g. close the door!, turn the lamp off!, (please) be on time!)
Adjectives; (a) comparative and superlative form (e.g. taller, highest, more beautiful, most comfortable). (b) occur before a noun that modify the noun and after determiner (e.g. an expensive book, the wonderful panorama). (c) occur after linking verb such as look, seem, become (e.g. looks beautiful, becomes confused). (d) modified by adverbs (e.g. very important)
Adverbs, it’s used to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs (e.g. run quickly, rather interesting, more beautifully)
C. Closed Lexical Categories; used to relate phrases of various types to other phrases. Some of them are:
Determiner (Det); occur before a noun or adjective + noun (the girl, some black bags).
Auxiliary Verb (AUX), to indicate tense and aspect (e.g. will, should, do, have etc); she will go, do you like me? And have he finished her homework.
Preposition (P); combine with noun phrase to modify nouns or verb (e.g go to school, the boy in front of car)
Conjunction; join words and phrases in the same category such as and, but, or, etc.
D. Phrasal categories are another kind of syntactic category. Phrase is group of words consisting Head and Modifier. There are verb phrase (will come), adjective phrase (very wonderful), prepositional phrase (in the park), adverbial phrase (almost certainly), noun phrase (English book or red chair)
E. Phrase structure rules, part of language user’s knowledge of how constituents are put together and categorized in that language. Sentence (S) consists of Noun Phrase (NP) + Verb Phrase (V); NP consists of Det + N and VP consists of V + NP.
The boy in the library reads an exciting book
  S